Yes, 12.Rxf7! complicates things a little. Though maybe the same idea works with a queen move as you suggest. I guess the idea of 10...Qd6 is to add protecttion to d6, but it seems to a little awkward, as you mentioned, when white play c4 and Bf4. I wonder if black can get away with 10...Qc7, so that Bf4 can be met with ...Bd6.
Or at worst you could have a Zaitsev-like repetition 10...Nf6 11.Bc4 Nd5.
In the 10.Nf4 line, I think black is fine as long as does he does not create targets for white, and prepares carefully to break in the center. When looking at the positions here, it seemed that if white restrains himself with c3, then black should not be in a hurry with ...c5 (as it can allow white to take positive actions by placing the knight on d4). The ...c5 break is more of deterrant against white's actions. If white just sits still, then black can also adopt the idea of Rae8, Kh8, Nd7, f6, and breaking in the center with ...e5. Black doesn't seem to have problems defending here.
10.Bd3 seems like the critical challenge to black's idea, so 10...Qc7 or 10...Qd6 need to be examined carefully (if black is not content with a repetition
).
Currently, my preference is for 10...Qc7, when I think black should be doing well. (When I have the time, I'll post some analysis.) Actually, when I first looked at line, I think I was deciding between 10...Bd6 and 10...Qc7, but I was unaware of the danger of 12.Rxf7 in the 10...Bd6 line. So I think the general idea (countering with a check on h2) works, but I made an incorrect decision on which piece to use.